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Every year, companies produce more than 400 million metric tons of plastic. Some of that plastic spills onto <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/03/08/ocean-plastics-pollution-study/" target=_blank>waterways or beaches</a>, clogging streams or floating in huge gyres in the ocean. Some of it breaks down into tiny <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2024/03/11/microplastics-health-impacts-unknown/" target=_blank>microplastics</a> or nanoplastics that float in the air and enter human lungs, blood and organs.

Sometimes it’s hard to know which companies are behind all this plastic — but now, scientists have identified some of the largest contributors.

A new <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj8275?adobe_mc=MCMID%3D72077797092235851240392577489555653962%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1713919364" target=_blank>study</a> published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances has pinpointed some of the major brands responsible for plastic pollution across six continents. The researchers, who used a team of over 100,000 volunteers to catalogue over 1.8 million pieces of plastic waste, found that 56 companies were responsible for more than 50 percent of branded plastic waste globally.

The largest contributor was Coca-Cola, which accounted for 11 percent of the branded plastic pollution worldwide.

The findings, researchers say, reveal the enormity of the planet’s plastic pollution problem. “This is a herculean effort we have to do,” said Win Cowger, a research director at the Moore Institute for Plastic Pollution Research and the lead author of the study. “There are no easy fixes.”

To get the data, thousands of volunteers around the world conducted plastic “audits,” in which they scoured beaches, parks, rivers and other locations for plastic waste. Volunteers examined each piece of waste and recorded any visible brands or trademarks. The group Break Free From Plastic organized 1,576 audit collections between 2018 and 2022.

Out of more than 1.8 million pieces of plastic surveyed, close to 910,000 had visible brands. (Plastics can lose their brand markers through exposure to sunlight and weather.) And of those hundreds of thousands of pieces of plastic, the top companies responsible were Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Nestlé and Danone.

In an email, a spokesperson for the Coca-Cola Company pointed to the company’s <a href="https://www.coca-colacompany.com/about-us/faq/what-is-world-without-waste#:~:text=That's%20why%20we're%20working,refillable%2Freturnable%20packaging%20by%202030" target=_blank>World Without Waste strategy</a>, noting that it aims “to make 100% of our packaging recyclable globally by 2025 and to use at least 50% recycled material in our packaging by 2030. ... We know more must be done and we can’t achieve our goals alone.”

Nestlé said in an email that the company aims to reduce its use of new plastic by one-third and incorporate more recycled content into its packaging. In an emailed statement, PepsiCo said it advocates for a global policy framework to address plastic pollution and is working to build a circular economy in which plastic is reused.

“Altria reviewed the study and believes it is fundamentally incorrect regarding our company,” Davien Anderson, a spokesman for Altria, said in an email. “The study includes data from more than 80 countries, yet Altria’s cigarette company Philip Morris USA, only operates in the US.”

“The idea that products created by a company in a specific country only stay within the countries that create them is unsupported,” Cowger said in a response to Altria’s statement.

Danone did not respond to a request for comment.

The researchers also found that there was a direct relationship between a company’s production of plastic and the amount of branded plastic waste found in the environment. If a company such as PepsiCo produced 1 percent of the world’s plastic mass, for example, that company was responsible for roughly 1 percent of the waste found in the audit. If a company produced 0.1 percent of the world’s plastic mass, it was responsible for 0.1 percent of the waste.

To the researchers, that finding means that recycling and waste management alone isn’t enough to manage the plastic problem.

“Many of these companies actually do have programs in place to recover their waste from the environment or prevent it from ending up there,” said Neil Tangri, science and policy director for the Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives and another author of the study. “And what we’re seeing is that those are not really effective.”

“It’s kind of my worst nightmare,” said Cowger. “It means that to solve the plastic pollution problem, we have to change in a huge way how we operate as a society.”

Global leaders and negotiators are gathering in Ottawa this week to hammer out a global plastics treaty. Many environmental groups and countries are looking for an agreement that will include cutting the amount of plastic production, a goal that U.S. negotiators have resisted.

Industry groups and companies say that “circular plastics,” advanced recycling and waste management can solve the problem without production limits.

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“Our members are investing billions of dollars in infrastructure to scale-up the supply of circular plastics, so that used plastics are prevented from entering the environment as waste, landfill or via incineration, and instead become new plastics,” Benny Mermans, chair of the World Plastics Council, said in a <a href="https://plasticscircularity.org/?news=in-lead-up-to-inc-4-global-plastics-makers-urge-collaboration-and-progress" target=_blank>statement</a> in the lead-up to the talks.

Plastic industry groups have also argued that plastics help boost the global economy. According to a <a href="https://icca-chem.org/news/new-economic-study-reveals-major-contributions-of-plastic-industry-to-global-economy/" target=_blank>study</a> commissioned by an industry group, limits on production would disproportionately affect low-income people.

Researchers say that things such as advanced recycling and a circular economy may have a place in the future, but so does actually slowing the pace at which plastic is made.

“We know what works: make less plastic and use less plastic,” Tangri said.

Plastics, which are made from fossil fuels, have helped to buoy the fossil fuel industry even as climate policies take aim at the production of oil and gas. Plastic is projected to account for half of growth in oil demand by mid-century, according to the International Energy Agency.

At the same time, scientists are rushing to understand the consequences of the tiny pieces of plastic that can enter the body and organs. While microplastics have been found in many systems of the body, their effects on human health are still unclear.

Scientists say that without curbs on production, plastics will continue to accumulate in the environment — and in human bodies.

“It’s been status quo for a long time,” Cowger said. “And it’s obviously not working.”

SEAL Award for Environmental Journalism, 2020 and 2021

Covering Climate Now Award for Emerging Journalist, 2022

Princeton University, BA in environmental science and environmental studies

University of Oxford, MPhil in geography

Shannon Osaka is a climate reporter covering policy, culture, and science for The Washington Post. Before joining The Post, she was a climate reporter at the nonprofit environmental outlet Grist.

Shannon Osaka

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