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Melina Mara

Newly published data on life expectancy in the United States shows a partial rebound from the worst phase of the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/coronavirus/" target="_blank" class="contextual_link">coronavirus</a> pandemic, but drug overdoses, homicides and chronic illnesses such as heart disease continue to drive a long-term mortality crisis that has made this country an outlier in longevity among wealthy nations.

Life expectancy in 2022 rose more than a full year, to 77.5 years, in <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/vsrr031.pdf" target=_blank>data released</a> Wednesday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. More than four-fifths of this positive jump was attributable to a drop in covid-19 deaths.

But the rebound in 2022, which the CDC had anticipated after studying death rates, regained less than half the years lost to the pandemic, the federal health agency reported.

“The amount of recovery is not as much as we’d like to see,” Steven Woolf, director emeritus of the Center on Society and Health at Virginia Commonwealth University, said after reviewing the report.

He said many peer countries suffered smaller drops in life expectancy and rebounded more quickly from covid-19’s impact.

“It’s disturbing but not surprising to me that we have not experienced the recovery that other countries have,” Woolf said.

In 2019, U.S. life expectancy at birth stood at 78.8 years. That figure cratered to 76.4 in 2021, the lowest since 1996. That was due partly to the extraordinary wave of covid deaths in January and February of that year as the United States had only begun to roll out vaccines. The following winter saw another short but intense wave of deaths as the omicron variant of the virus reached the country, creating the last major surge in pandemic deaths.

“There appears to have been some recovery from covid, but we still have a way to go,” said William Schaffner, an infectious-disease physician at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.

“Covid remains with us and continues to put people in the hospital, and have a substantial mortality rate associated with it, particularly among older people and people who are immunocompromised,” Schaffner said.

An epidemic of chronic illness is killing us too soon.

The rise in certain chronic diseases in the United States — and slower progress in combating others — put the nation in a vulnerable position when the novel virus arrived. A scattered and politically polarized response to the pandemic played a role in the dire death toll that followed, as did resistance to vaccination and other public health measures. No other wealthy country experienced so high a rate of death per capita from covid.

The new numbers are clearly positive — compared with 2021. But the same data show the dramatic, and protracted, impact of the pandemic. Between 2019 and 2021, life expectancy dropped 2.4 years, and the 2022 jump restored only 1.1. years of that deficit. (Men lost 2.8 years in those first two years, and women 2.1 years.)

The United States has dug itself into a huge life-expectancy hole, and not just because of the virus that slipped into the country in stealth fashion in 2020. In <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2023/10/02/takeaways-us-life-expectancy-crisis/" target=_blank>articles</a> this year, The Washington Post has explored the many reasons this country <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/interactive/2023/american-life-expectancy-dropping/" target=_blank>lags peer nations in life expectancy</a>, and a major finding is that chronic conditions such as heart disease, obesity, diabetes and cancer play an underappreciated role in suppressing life spans.

Fatty liver was a disease of the old. Then kids started getting sick.

The new report affirms that conclusion. Although the coming and going of covid explains much of the shape of the mortality curve during the past several years, the CDC death data from the past decade and a half shows an ominous long-term trend in mortality that is not solely due to the coronavirus or other high-profile killers, including drug overdoses and gun homicides.

Life expectancy rose in a relatively steady fashion for all of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st. But starting in 2010, the country entered a decade of stagnation in this key metric. Drug overdoses, homicides and suicides played major roles in flattening the life expectancy curve. But the greatest erosion in life spans comes from chronic illnesses, The Post found in its analysis of death data.

Life expectancy peaked at 78.9 in 2014, and then dipped or remained flat through 2019. The new CDC data, despite showing an improvement in 2022, suggests that this period of disappointing life expectancy will continue.

“The pattern is consistent with the stagnation that we’ve seen since 2010,” said Elizabeth Arias, a demographer with the CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics and lead author of the new report.

“Even without the pandemic, life expectancy was flat or declining,” Arias said. “This is a whole new territory that we’re in, beginning a decade ago.”

Very few countries have yet published life expectancy data for 2022, as reflected in records at the international human mortality database. The few that have, however, all show quicker recovery from the pandemic.

Sweden in 2022 was back to the same life expectancy as before covid, 83.1 years, more than 5½ years longer than in the United States.

In 2022, Belgium, Denmark and Norway had just slightly lower life expectancy than before the pandemic.

Among countries reporting data for 2022, Finland comes closest to the profile of the United States in terms of recovery from the devastation wrought by the pandemic. In Finland, life expectancy was down 0.6 years compared with 2019. But that loss is less than half of the U.S. decrease of 1.3 years since 2019.

Compare your life expectancy with others around the world

Life expectancy at birth is not a prediction for any individual, but a statistical artifact, one that aggregates death rates from many different age cohorts and creates a handy, if potentially confusing, measure of a nation’s overall health.

Schaffner, the Vanderbilt doctor, said the lingering effects of the pandemic and other health challenges provide a reminder that the United States needs to continue its comprehensive childhood vaccination program, which typically requires children to be immunized before attending school.

“And now we have a slow erosion of that, with increasing vaccine skepticism and more and more parents withholding their children from comprehensive vaccination,” Schaffner said. “We don’t want to erode these very successful preventive health initiatives.”

The new CDC report, which is considered “provisional” in advance of a final report due in December, captures the racial and ethnic disparities in life expectancy that were exacerbated by the pandemic.

All race and ethnicity groups in the country have lower life expectancy as of 2022 than before the pandemic. Native Americans suffered the largest overall decline, almost four years, to less than 68 years. Black people suffered the second-largest life-expectancy setback, of two years. Hispanic life expectancy is 1.9 years less than before covid. The overall decline for White people is 1.3 years, and for Asian people 1.1 years.

Princeton University, politics, 1982

Joel Achenbach covers science and politics for the National desk. He has been a staff writer for The Post since 1990. 

Joel Achenbach

Pulitzer Prize team for investigative reporting, 1999

Pulitzer Prize finalist team for investigative reporting, 1998

Everett McKinley Dirksen Award for Congressional Coverage team, 2013

Online News Association Knight Award for Public Service team, 2008

Goldstmith Prize for investigative reporting team, 1999

Williams College bachelor's degree in psychology

Dan Keating analyzes data for projects, stories, graphics and interactive online presentations for the national Health and Science team.

Dan Keating

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CDC life expectancy data shows painfully slow rebound from covid

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